The Battle of Trafalgar

**Annuit Coeptis** · 29/11/2013

A monumental sea battle that helped to turn the tide against revolutionary France- and which helped to put Spain in the camp of the British-and Prussian-commanded coalition. Sadly the U.S. spent more time cozying up to Boney than opposing him.

http://www.nelsonsnavy.co.uk/battle-of-trafalgar.html

The Battle of Trafalgar was fought on the 21st of October 1805 off Cape Trafalgar on the Spanish coast, between the combined fleets of Spain and France and the Royal Navy. It was the last great sea action of the period and its significance to the outcome of the war in Europe is still debated by historians.

The Chase
The battle itself was the culmination of a long campaign. After the Treaty of Amiens Europe was at peace for 14 months. Many ships in the Royal Navy were paid off and the British returned to their peace time activities. But across the Channel in France Napoleon was planning the next stage of his domination of Europe. He realised that if war broke out again then the Royal Navy would blockade French and continental ports as they had done before and French overseas trade would be crippled. So he planned to invade England and free the seas for French trade. He ordered the building of a fleet of invasion barges and the Grand Army was moved to the Pas de Calais area.

But to get the army across safely the French fleet would need to control the English Channel. To this end he tried to engineer a meeting of his fleets so they could control the sealanes, and protect his invasion barges. He gave orders for the fleets in Toulon, Brest and Ferrol to break out of their blockaded ports.
After an aborted attempt Admiral Villeneuve eventually managed to evade Nelson, blockading him in Toulon, and sailed for the West Indies on March 30th. According to Napoleons plan to meet up with Ganteaume ( who was blockaded in Brest ) , and then to sail back to Europe and with the Rochefort, Ferrol and Brest Squadrons 'procure our superiority before Boulogne for some days'.

When Nelson was told that the French fleet had sailed he assumed they were heading for Egypt, so he sent his ships off to the South East. When he discovered his mistake he set off in pursuit of Villeneuve. Villeneuve picked up Admiral Gravina and the Spanish fleet from Cadiz, and sailed for Martinique.

Nelson discovered that Villeneuve had sailed out of the Med and resumed the chase on the 10th May across the Atlantic to the West Indies. Eventually following the French and Spanish fleet back again to Europe. Villeneuve waited for Ganteaume to join him. But Ganteaume failed to break the British blockade, so Villeneuve sailed back for Ferrol.

He encountered Calders squadron of 15 battleships off Cape Finisterre on 22nd of July. They fought an abortive action in poor visabilty. Calder captured two French ships, and several of the British ships were damaged. Calder failed to press home the action, for which he was severely criticized.
(After Calder joined up with Nelsons fleet he was allowed to sail back to England on the Prince of Wales in an attempt to clear his name at a court martial. The Prince of Wales was a powerful 98 gun ship, and Nelson could ill afford to lose it.)

More images from Mike Haywood

Villeneuve, unable to reach Ferrol, sailed for Cadiz, but bad weather forced him to to run into Vigo. From there Napoleon ordered him to sail for the Straits of Dover. Decres, the French chief minister of marine, whose confidence in the invasion project had never been high, wrote the orders, stating that Villeneuve was to sail for the Channel, unless the state of the fleet was such as to mitigate against this, in which case he was to sail to Cadiz.

On August the 13th the Combined Fleet of 29 battleships sailed westwards, Villeneuves' initial intention was unclear. But after picking up intelligence from passing merchantmen and sighting some British ships in the distance Villeneuve decided to head for Cadiz. He arrived there on August 20th.
Nelson arrived off Cadiz to join Collingwoods' fleet on September 28th and ordered his frigates, under Captain Blackwood, to watch Cadiz while he cruised 50 miles offshore with the rest of the fleet, hoping to draw the Combined Fleet out.

During the course of the summer Napoleon, despairing of bringing his fleets together, had abandoned his invasion plans for England and had turned his attention to Austria. The British had sent a small army under General Craig to Sicily to threaten Napoleons southern flank and to support the Russians. To try and guard Italy and his operations in Austria, Napoleon ordered Villeneuve to sail back into the Mediterranean. He had also decided to replace Villeneuve with Admiral Rosily . On September 27th Villeneuve received his orders to sail back into the Med for Naples, to support a landing of 4000 troops there. Troops designed to counter Craigs small force.

The Battle
When Villeneuve decided to sail from Cadiz his plan was for Magon to sail out with his squadron first and capture or drive off the British frigates. On October 19th and a fair wind for leaving Cadiz blowing Villenueve hoisted the order for ships to sail, There was some confusion amongst the fleets captains over whether this order was just for Magon to sail, the frigates or the whole fleet. As the fleet set sail the breeze died away and only seven battle ships and three frigates made it out of the harbour. The wind was too light to let them chase off the British frigates. Villeneuve was forced to order the rest of the fleet to anchor for the night.
The British frigate Sirius (opens in a new window)made the signal 370, 'Enemy's ships are coming out of port', which was repeated along the chain of ships until it reached the main fleet. Nelson then signaled the fleet for 'general chase south-east', his plan was to steer for the Straits of Gibraltar and prevent the Combined Fleet from sailing into the Mediterranean.

On October 20th the rest of the Combined Fleet got under sail and set course for the south-east. Because Nelson had reacted quickly to the signal 370, the British fleet reached the entrance to the Strait before the French and Spanish fleet had left Cadiz. So the British fleet retraced its steps back to the north-west.

The Nelson Touch
As the British Fleet had waited for the Combined Fleet to sail from Cadiz Nelson had asked his captains to come on board the Victory and had explained his plan of attack. The ships were to form two columns, with Nelson in command of one and Collingwood the other, and sail at the centre and rear of the enemy line of battle so as to bring the British ships into close action and cut off the van of the Combined Fleet, which would then take time to get back into the action. Nelson wrote a detailed memorandum explaining his plan on the 9th October, although this was not stricly adheared to in the battle. Nelson reported that his captains were pleased with this innovative plan.

October 21st

Weather Column	Lee Column
Victory Temeraire Neptune Leviathan Conqueror Agamemnon Britannia Ajax Orion Minotaur Spartiate	Royal Sovereign Bellisle Colossus Mars Tonnant Bellerophon Achille Polyphemus Revenge Swiftsure Defence Thunderer Defiance Prince Dreadnought

Villeneuve sailed slowly in the light winds to the south-east. He had in fact guessed what form Nelsons attack would take, but had failed to specify any defence to his captains. The Combined Fleet sailed in a line with the Neptuno in the rear and the San Juan de Nepomuceno commanded by Commodore Churraca in the van. Admiral Gravina was in the Principe de Asturias and Admiral Villeneuve sailed in the Bucentaure. Gravinas' squadron of observation should have been sailing to windward of the Combined fleet , to come to the aid of any part of the line threatened by the British, but had in fact taken up station at the van.

Shortly after dawn the French frigate Hermione spotted the British fleet to windward in the west and signaled to Villeneuve. Villeneuve could have sailed on for Gibraltar, but instead deciding not to fight off a lee shore, he thought to try and return to Cadiz. So at 8 a.m. he ordered the fleet to wear, an order which was finally completed by 10 a.m. The Combined fleet now had to reform the line of battle, sailing in the opposite direction. The variable quality of the Combined Fleets crews now began to show, the ships found it difficult in the light wind to find their position in the line of battle, and the line sagged way to leeward in the middle. Villeneuve now saw that Gravinas' squadron was out of position and signalled him to keep to windward, but it was too late. The French and Spanish captains could clearly see the British ships advancing on the centre of their line in two columns, and some like Commodore Churruca realised the danger, that the van of the Combined Fleet would be cut off and out of the battle. Churruca thought that Villeneuve should order the leading ships to turn now and bear down on the British.

On board the Victory Nelson ordered Lieutenant Pasco to make a signal to the fleet "Mr Pasco, I wish to say to the Fleet 'England confides that every man will do his duty'". Pasco asked Nelson if he could substitute the word 'expects' for 'confides' as that was in the telegraphic vocabulary whereas confides would have to be spelt, Nelson agreed and the signal was run up Victorys' halyards. Changing the wording subtly changed the meaning, and the signal caused confusion on some ships, with sailors saying they would always do their duty and didn't have to be asked.

One final signal was run up on the flagship, the telegraphic flag and then numbers one and six 'Engage the enemy more closely'. List of signals made at Trafalgar.
Soon after this the first shots were fired by the Combined fleet at the Royal Sovereign as she came within range of the Fougueux. The Royal Sovereign opened fire at 12 noon, and fifteen minutes later the first of the enemy ships opened fire on the Victory at long range.

Close Action
As the Victory closed on the enemy line, Captain Hardy decided to take his ship past the rear of the Bucentaure. The enemy shot had already been cutting into the ship for some minutes and many men were already dead or wounded including Nelson's secretary, John Scott, and eight Marines stationed on the poop deck. Seeing this Nelson ordered the Captain of Marines, Charles Adair, to disperse his men about the ship, a far reaching order in that the Marines would have dealt with French sharpshooters, and perhaps saved Nelsons life.

Nelson seems to have been sure he was going to die in this battle, many times saying final farewells to friends and desperately trying to ensure that Lady Hamilton and his daughter Horatia would be looked after when he died. He certainly took no steps to avoid death, Captain Blackwood suggested he moved his flag to the Euryalus to direct the battle from there, but he refused. And several people were concerned that he was wearing his stars of honour on his coat, making him an obvious target.

On the fo'c'sle the Bosun William Willmet waited beside the larboard 68 pounder carronade, one of Victory's two 'smashers' as they were known. (Image of Victorys' 68 pounder carronade). It had been loaded with a round shot and a keg of 500 musket balls, and as Victory passed within touching distance of Bucentaure's stern, he fired the carronade into her, raking the French ship from ene to end and mowing down the sailors manning their guns. As the Victory continued to sail past, her lower deck guns opened fire as one by one they came to bear.

As Victory cleared the French ship she came within range of the Neptune which fired her broadside into the Victory damaging the foremast and bowsprit. Hardy ordered the helm over to bring Victory alongside the Redoubtable which was on her starboard side, and as the guns came to bear she fired her starboard broadside into the French ship.

The Victory and the Redoubtable crashed together and their yards locked. Redoubtable shut most of her gunports to prevent boarding and the French marines in the rigging threw grenades and fired down onto the deck of the Victory . At about 1.15 pm as Nelson and Hardy walked on the quarter deck a musket ball fired from Redoubtable struck Nelson in the top of the shoulder and smashed into his spine. He knew straight away that the wound would be fatal, and as he was carried down to the orlop deck he covered his face with a handkerchief. As they reached the cockpit, wounded sailors waiting for treatment, recognising Nelson, called for the surgeon William Beatty.

Fighting continued on the decks above and as Redoubtable was bombarded by Victory 's guns the Temeraire closed on her starboard side and fired into her. The three ships locked together and the Redoubtable was slowly pounded into submission.

At the head of the lee column the Royal Sovereign had been engaging the Santa Ana and the Fougueux for some 30 minutes alone, having sailed into the enemy line well ahead of the rest of the division. Collingwood had ordered the lee column to form on the larboard line of bearing, so his ships were not in line like Nelsons but approaching on a broad front ( see main diagram) . At this end of the Combined Fleets line of battle the ships were closed up in a loose formation, not in a line.

As the other ships of Collingwoods line joined the battle they were presented with a confused array of ships.

The battle continued in the dying wind and, as their masts and sails were shot away, the ships of both fleets drifted slowly about each other, looking for targets through the clouds of smoke. The Mars lost most of her sails and rigging and swung uncontrollably in the swell. Captain Duff, leaning over the side to try and spot the enemy ships was decapitated by a round shot, and the Mars was raked by several French ships including the Pluton.

Two hours after the start of the battle, the Combined fleets van under Admiral Dumanoir finally wore or tacked and made back for the battle. Four ships, including Dumanoirs Formidable sailed to windward of the British and exchanged shots with them as they passed, then sailed away from the battle. Three ships sailed straight for Cadiz and only the Intrepide and the Neptuno sailed to Villeneuves aid. The Intrepide was engaged by several British ships, and was singled out for her bravery in the face of overwhelming odds by several of the British captains.

Slowly the British ships gained the upper hand as one by one the ships of the Combined Fleet struck their colours or sailed away from the battle. Captain Hardy reported to Nelson that the battle was won, 'Thank God I have done my duty', were his last words, and he died at 4.30pm.

Aftermath
The gloss of the victory was taken off for the British ships with the news of Nelsons death. It is hard now to appreciate the effect of this news on the ships crews and on the nation as a whole, although Nelson is still regarded as a national hero in Britain, in 1805 he was THE national hero, and to lose him at the moment of his greatest victory was a bitter blow.

Nelson himself would have been bitter had he known the treatment his beloved Lady Hamilton and his daughter would get from a grateful nation. They were almost completely ignored. Instead the country decided to make Nelson's brother, William, an earl, and voted him £99,000 with an annual pension of £5,000 a year. Frances, still formally Nelson's wife, was granted £2,000 a year. Emma and Horatia got nothing. Without the pension from a grateful nation that Nelson had foreseen for her, and always famous for her extravagance, Emma eventually sank into poverty, even spending some time in prison for debt. After her release she went to live with Horatia in Calais and died there in January 1815.
Of the Combined Fleet, Bucentaure, Algeciras, Swiftsure, Intrepide, Aigle, Berwick, Achille, Redoubtable, Fougueux ( French), Santissima Trinidad, Santa Anna, Argonauta, Bahama, San Augustino, San Ildefonso, San Juan de Nepomuceno, and Monarca ( Spanish) were taken by the British. Redoubtable sank, Achille blew up, San Augustino and Intrepide burned, the British scuttled Santissima Trinidad and Argonauta, and in the gale that followed the battle Monarca, Fougueux, Aigle, and Berwick were wrecked.

**Annuit Coeptis** · 29/11/2013

On the 23rd of October a sortie by French Commodore Julien Cosmao from Cadiz with Pluton, Indomptable, Neptuno, Rayo, and San Francisco de Asis attempted to recapture some of the British prizes. Santa Anna and Algeciras were recovered, but Neptuno, Indomptable, and San Francisco de Asis were wrecked and Rayo was taken by the Donegal and then wrecked.
On the 3rd of November, Admiral Strachan, with Caesar 80, Hero 74, Courageux 74, Namur 74, and four frigates defeated and captured the force of four French ships which had escaped at Trafalgar under Dumanoir: Formidable 80, Duguay-Trouin 74, Mont Blanc 74, and Scipion 74. All four are taken into the Royal Navy, with Formidable renamed Brave, Duguay-Trouin renamed Implacable, and the other two keeping their names. The Victory was towed into Gibraltar her masts and sails shot to pieces. The casualties were high, as might be expected in such a close fought action. The British lost 449 men killed and 1241 wounded (some of whom subsequently died), the French and Spanish fleets lost 4408 men killed and 2545 wounded, ( figures are from Lewis 'A Social History of the Navy').
The ultimate outcome of the victory was to secure the supremacy of the British navy on the high seas for the next hundred years, and the end to any threat of invasion from France. It lead Napoleon to his Continental strategy, and possibly to his disastrous campaign against the Russians in 1812.

Battle of Trafalgar Casualty List

Ship	Guns	Commander	Killed/Wounded
Victory	100	Capt. Thomas Masterman Hardy	57/102
Temeraire	98	Capt. Eliab Harvey	47/76
Neptune	98	Capt Thomas Francis Freemantle	10/34
Leviathan	74	Capt Henry William Bayntun	4/22
Britannia	100	Capt Charles Bullen	10/42
Conquerer	74	Capt Israel Pellew	3/9
Africa	64	Capt Henry Digby	18/44
Agamemnon	64	Capt Sir Edward Berry	2/8
Ajax	74	Lieut John Pilford	2/9
Orion	74	Capt Edward Codrington	1/23
Minotaur	74	Capt Charles John Moore Mansfield	3/22
Spartiate	74	Capt Sir Francis Laforey	3/20
Royal Sovereign	100	Capt Edward Rotheram	47/94
Belleisle	74	Capt William Hargood	33/93
Mars	74	Capt George Duff	29/69
Tonnant	80	Capt Charles Tyler	26/50
Bellerophon	74	Capt John Cooke	27/123
Colossus	74	Capt James Nichol Morris	46/160
Achille	74	Capt Richard King	13/59
Dreadnought	98	Capt John Conn	7/26
Polyphemus	64	Capt Robert Redmill	2/4
Revenge	74	Capt Robert Moorsom	28/51
Swiftsure	74	Capt William Gordon Rutherford	9/8
Defiance	74	Capt Philip Charles Durham	17/53
Thunderer	74	Lieut John Stockham	4/12
Defence	74	Capt George Hope	7/29
Prince	98	Capt Richard Grindall
Euryalis	36	Capt Hon Henry Blackwood
Naiad	38	Capt Thomas Dundas
Phoebe	36	Capt Hon Thomas Bladen Capell
Sirius	36	Capt William Prowse
Pickle	10	Lieut John Richards La Penotiere
Entreprenante	8	Lieut Robert Benjamin Young

**Hyeronimus** · 29/11/2013

On account of the Second Treaty of San Idelfonso, Spain was obligued to be allied with France in case of war against their common enemy, the British Empire. The treaty had been signed by Manuel Godoy, Charles IV's prime minister and quite a dishonest and dishonorable man in many ways and very detrimental to our nation. It does not make much sense to glorify the traditional enemies of Spain and the Hispanic territories in a Hispanic forum. And let me remind you that Nelson lost his arm when he was trying to conquer the Spanish island of Tenerife, in the Canaries. British pirates had been attacking Spanish coasts and vessels for centuries on both sides of the Atlantic. The French were not necessarily our friends either. I don't question the courage and strategic abilities of the Brithish officers. But I honestly don't think this forum is the place to honor them. The real heroes are:

Cosme_Damián_de_Churruca, who commanded the 74-gun San Juan Nepomuceno in the Battle of Trafalgar, when a cannonball caused him injuries that cost him his life. It seems that he made true the words he said before the battle:

“	Si llegas a saber que mi navío ha sido hecho prisionero, di que he muerto. [If you come to hear that my ship has been captured, say I am dead]	”
—Cosme Damián Churruca^[1] 220px-Cosme_de_Churruca.jpg

Churruca, whose leg had been torn off by a cannonball, the deck of his ship covered by the blood of his wounded and dead seamen, continued to voice the command "fire". After Trafalgar, the ship was taken into British service as HMS San Juan and served as a supply hulk for many years at Gibraltar. In honour of Churruca's courage, the cabin he had occupied while alive bore his name on a brass plate, and all who entered it were required to remove their hats as a mark of respect for a gallant enemy.

Churruca_death.jpg
Churruca's death, by Eugenio A. Dumont

as well as Dioniso Alcalá Galiano, who bravely remained in his post while his ship was being destroyed and he was wounded first in a leg, then on his face, losing a large amount of blood and finally being hit by a cannonball which blew his head apart.

Dioniso Alcalá Galiano

Or Federico Gravina, of whom Napoleon said, "Gravina is all genius and decision in combat. If Villeneuve had had those qualities, the battle of Finisterre would have been a complete victory". Gravina lost his arm in the battle and died a few months later because of the resulting infection. As any noble-minded military officer, he respected and admire his enemy even if he fought as it was his duty, and is reported to have said on his deathbed of his one-arm counterpart Nelson, "I am a dying man, but I die happy; I am going, I hope and trust, to join Nelson, the great hero". The Gribraltar Chronicle said of him: "Spain loses in Gravina the most distinguished officer in her navy; one under whose command her fleets, though sometimes beaten, always fought in such a manner as to merit the encomiums of their conquerors".

Federico Gravina

As you can see, although we lost the battle we came out of it with honor and still commemorate its heroes.

I know you did not mean to offend, Annuit.

**Martin Ant** · 29/11/2013

A monumental sea battle that helped to turn the tide against revolutionary France- and which helped to put Spain in the camp of the British-and Prussian-commanded coalition. Sadly the U.S. spent more time cozying up to Boney than opposing him.

Dear Annuit Coeptis. Nearly all the historians are unanimous in putting the trascendental moment in which changed "the tide" against revolutionary-napoleonic progress in the defeat which suffered in the Hispanic Península in 1808 thanks to the spanish popular-militar Raising, which took place as a consecuence of the betrayal of Napoleon which broke the oficial alliance that Spain had with France getting his army in spanish territory and kidnapping the Spanish King Ferdinand VII (a terrible error which he paid dearly, as he himself recogniced in his Diary).

Respect the battle of Trafalgar, many historians recognice the artificial importance which has given later to this event by the british (I mean in relation to the effects which had agaisnt Napoleon. The british had other naval victorys and defeats before and after this battle in the middle of his war against Napoleon, or against other nations like the Spanish Monarchy). The principal effect of this battle was the absolute destroy of the spanish Armada, the first naval power in that moment, and which had big problems to reestablish thenceforth (principaly because the triumph of the anticatholic antihispanic Revolution in Spain in 1833, something which will be seen later in its consequences in the Hispanic-Angloamerican war of 1898).

Certainly the aliance with the Revolutionary France (since the deplorable treatises of Basilea in 1795 and Ildefonso in 1796 signed by the masonic and betrayer prime minister Godoy -one of the worst government´s chief of Spanish Monarchy`s History) was a complete calamitous thing in relation to the preservation of christian order in the Continent (at least the order which there was yet as relics before the coming of the French Revolution and Napoleonic spreading of this anticatholic Revolution). But that doesn´t mean that the Revolutinary Regime of Britain was the solution agaisnt this French Revolution or the British Regime represented the good order. This is a thing which is very important to set, because the revolutionary anticatholic regime of Britain (a product of the Revolution of 1533 and Revolution of 1688) was part of the problem and not of the authentic (catholic) solution.

In relation to the Trafalgar´s Battle itself, simply saying that the defeat of spanish-france navy was principaly due to the general incompetence (something that admited even Napoleon) in navy battles of the chief admiral Villeneuve. Anyway, this was a defeat with honor (the very competent spanish admirals went to the battle in pursuance of the -calamitous, I repeat- treatises before alluded, because it was their obligation), unlike the defeat without honor in the Hispanic-Angloamerican war of 1898 (at that moment, I remember, Spain was controlled by a Revolutionary Regime, which explains the cause of the lack of honor in this last defeat).

**Annuit Coeptis** · 02/12/2013

Excuse my unintended faux pas. My intention was to point to a specific moment of history- the defeat of the Corsican rebel's ill-gotten fleet by Lord Nelson I'm certainly not trying to lionize the U.K. and the illegal House of Windsor.

I am a son of the U.S., an Anglosaxon who is returning to the Faith that existed before Henry VIII; I have an old, native dislike of British monarchs- but I dislike Cromwell more than George III, who had some Catholic sympathies. My ideal king is Alfred the Great (of the House of Wessex; he was an ancestor of Isabel of Castile!), the first King of the Anglo-Saxons- and a devout son of Holy Church who went to Rome once- or twice if I do recall correctly.

Digression aside I am fascinated by the period of the Napoleonic conflicts since it has a very profound influence on my own county. The Duke of Wellington was concerned about the grain supply from America after England, Portugal, and Spain allied against the French:

Napoleon Series: War of 1812 Issue 5

The hawks in Congress had long had their eyes on the Spanish territories in the New World. During the presidency of U.S. Grant the louts of Congress tried to start a war with Spain over Cuba:

American President: Ulysses S. Grant: Foreign Affairs

The Spanish-American War of 1898 is a "false-flag" incident as far as I'm concerned.

False flag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

If I've offended anyone then please rebuke me; I do apologize for my circumstantial ignorance. Yanks these days aren't exactly well-informed on Spanish history- or even U.S. history.

**Hyeronimus** · 02/12/2013

Dear Annuit,

As I said at the end of my post, I was sure you did not mean to offend, and I don't doubt the high esteem in which you have all things Hispanic. It's all right. We all have a lot to learn, including me.

**Annuit Coeptis** · 03/12/2013

Iniciado por Hyeronimus

Dear Annuit,

As I said at the end of my post, I was sure you did not mean to offend, and I don't doubt the high esteem in which you have all things Hispanic. It's all right. We all have a lot to learn, including me.

You are correct; we all have a lot to learn and I've come to the conclusion that many of the things that I used to believe are incorrect (or an exaggeration)- as St. Paul says we tend to see things through a dark glass.

Regards.